Psalm 112 Semantics
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Psalm 112/Semantics
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The one who fears YHWH
Psalm 112
Please note: Resources for Psalm 112 are in the process of being reformatted for visual consistency and improved functionality.
About the Grammar & Semantics Layer
Semantics is the study of how language is used to represent meaning. The goal of semantic analysis for interpreting and translating the Bible is to understand the meaning of words and how they relate to each other in context. We want to understand what is implicit about word meaning – and thus assumed by the original audience – and make it explicit – and thus clear for us who are removed by time, language, and culture. The semantics layer is composed of three major branches: lexical semantics, phrase-level semantics and verbal semantics.
About the Grammar Layer
The grammar layer visually represents the grammar and syntax of each clause. It also displays alternative interpretations of the grammar. (For more information, click "Show/Hide Grammar Legend" below.)
| Visualization | Description |
|---|---|
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The clause is represented by a horizontal line with a vertical line crossing through it, separating the subject and the verb. |
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The object is indicated by a vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the clause. Infinitives and participles may also have objects. If the direct object marker (d.o.m.) is present in the text, it appears in the diagram immediately before the object. If the grammar includes a secondary object, the secondary object will appear after the object, separated by another vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the clause. |
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The subject complement follows the verb (often omitted in Hebrew) separated with a line leaning toward the right. It can be a noun, a whole prepositional phrase or an adjective. The later two appear modifying the complement slot. |
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When a noun further describes or renames the object, it is an object complement. The object complement follows the object separated by a line leaning toward the right. |
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In a construct chain, the noun in the absolute form modifies the noun in the construct form. |
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Participles are indicated in whatever position in the clause they are in with a curved line before the participle. Participles can occur as nominal, where they take the place of a noun, predicate, where they take the place of a verb, or attributive, where they modify a noun or a verb similar to adjectives or adverbs. |
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Infinitives are indicated by two parallel lines before the infinitive that cross the horizontal line. Infinitive constructs can appear as the verb in an embedded clause. Infinitive absolutes typically appear as an adverbial. |
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The subject of the infinitive often appears in construct to it. In this situation, the infinitive and subject are diagrammed as a construct chain. |
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The object of the infinitive is indicated by a vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the infinitival clause. |
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Modifiers are represented by a solid diagonal line from the word they modify. They can attach to verbs, adjectives, or nouns. If modifying a verb or adjective, it is an adverb, but if modifying a noun, it is an adjective, a quantifier, or a definite article. If an adverb is modifying a modifier, it is connected to the modifier by a small dashed horizontal line. |
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Adverbials are indicated by a dashed diagonal line extending to a horizontal line. These are nouns or infinitives that function adverbially (modifying either a verb or a participle), but are not connected by a preposition. |
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Prepositional phrases are indicated by a solid diagonal line extending to a horizontal line. The preposition is to the left of the diagonal line and the dependent of the preposition is on the horizontal line. They can modify verbs (adverbial) or nouns (adjectival). |
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Embedded clauses are indicated by a "stand" that looks like an upside-down Y. The stand rests in the grammatical position that the clause fulfills. Extending from the top of the stand is a horizontal line for the clause. If introduced by a complementizer, for example כִּי, the complementizer appears before the stand. Embedded clauses can stand in the place of any noun. |
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When clauses are joined by a conjunction, they are compound clauses. These clauses are connected by a vertical dotted line. The conjunction is placed next to the dotted line. |
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Within a clause, if two or more parts of speech are compound, these are represented by angled lines reaching to the two compound elements connected by a solid vertical line. If a conjunction is used, the conjunction appears to the left of the vertical line. Almost all parts of speech can be compound. |
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Subordinate clauses are indicated by a dashed line coming from the line dividing the subject from the predicate in the independent clause and leading to the horizontal line of the subordinate clause. The subordinating conjunction appears next to the dashed line. |
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Relative clauses also have a dashed line, but the line connects the antecedent to the horizontal line of the relative clause. The relative particle appears next to the dashed line. |
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Sentence fragments are represented by a horizontal line with no vertical lines. They are most frequently used in superscriptions to psalms. They are visually similar to discourse particles and vocatives, but most often consist of a noun phrase (that does not refer to a person or people group) or a prepositional phrase. |
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In the body of the psalm, a horizontal line by itself (with no modifiers or vertical lines) can indicate either a discourse particle or a vocative (if the word is a noun referring to a person or people group). A discourse particle is a conjunction or particle that functions at the discourse level, not at the grammatical level. Vocatives can appear either before or after the clause addressed to them, depending on the word order of the Hebrew. |
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Apposition is indicated by an equal sign equating the two noun phrases. This can occur with a noun in any function in a sentence. |
| Hebrew text colors | |
|---|---|
| Default preferred text | The default preferred reading is represented by a black line. The text of the MT is represented in bold black text. |
| Dispreferred reading | The dispreferred reading is an alternative interpretation of the grammar, represented by a pink line. The text of the MT is represented in bold pink text, while emendations and revocalizations retain their corresponding colors (see below). |
| Emended text | Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is represented by bold blue text, whether that reading is preferred or dispreferred. |
| Revocalized text | Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is represented by bold purple text, whether that reading is preferred or dispreferred. |
| (Supplied elided element) | Any element that is elided in the Hebrew text is represented by bold gray text in parentheses. |
| ( ) | The position of a non-supplied elided element is represented by empty black parentheses. For example, this would be used in the place of the noun when an adjective functions substantivally or in the place of the antecedent when a relative clause has an implied antecedent. |
| Gloss text colors | |
|---|---|
| Gloss used in the CBC | The gloss used in the Close-but-Clear translation is represented by bold blue text. |
| Literal gloss >> derived meaning | A gloss that shows the more literal meaning as well as the derived figurative meaning is represented in blue text with arrows pointing towards the more figurative meaning. The gloss used in the CBC will be bolded. |
| Supplied elided element | The gloss for a supplied elided element is represented in bold gray text. |
About the Lexical Semantics Layer
One major branch of semantic study is lexical semantics, which refers to the study of word meanings. It examines semantic range (=possible meanings of a word), the relationship between words (e.g. synonymy, hyponymy), as well as the relationship between words and larger concepts (conceptual domains). One component of our approach involves not only the study of the Hebrew word meaning, but also of our own assumptions about word meaning in modern languages. Because the researcher necessarily starts with their own cultural assumptions (in our case, those of Western-trained scholars), this part of the analysis should be done afresh for every culture.
For a detailed description of our method, see the Lexical Semantics Creator Guidelines.
- See our growing collection of Venn Diagrams, not only for Psalm 112, but for all of the psalms.
- See SDBH on Psalm 112.
About the Phrase-Level Semantics Layer
The Phrase-level Semantics layer analyses the meaning of syntactic units which are larger than the level of the word and smaller than the level of the clause. Specifically, this layer analyses the meaning of prepositional phrases (e.g., לְאִישׁ), construct phrases (e.g., אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים), phrases formed by a coordinating waw conjunction (e.g., אִישׁ וְאִשָּׁה) and noun phrases which consist of a noun plus a determiner (e.g., הָאִישׁ) or a quantifier (e.g., כֹּל אִישׁ).
For a detailed description of our method, see the Phrase-level Semantics Creator Guidelines.
| Visualization | Description |
|---|---|
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The prepositional phrase is indicated by a solid green oval. |
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The construct chain is indicated by a solid yellow oval. |
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When the conjunction ו appears at the phrase-level (not clause-level), it is indicated by a solid light purple oval. |
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The article is indicated by a solid blue oval. |
About the Verbal Semantics Layer
This sub-layer focuses on the relationship between verbs, time and modality. These are important categories for interpretation and translation, and how one analyses a verb can have a significant effect on how it is rendered. This sub-layer has been through several iterations, as it strives to accomplish two things: (1) Transparency for the native Hebrew structures, and (2) Transparency for the interpretation necessary to translate the verbal semantics into other languages.
For a detailed description of our method, see the Verbal Semantics Creator Guidelines.
| Conjugations | |
|---|---|
| qatal | yiqtol-jussive |
| wayyiqtol (following qatal)* | cohortative |
| yiqtol | participle |
| wayyiqtol (following yiqtol)* | wayyiqtol (following participle)* |
| weyiqtol | inf. construct |
| weqatal | inf. absolute |
| *Wayyiqtol is colored a darker version of the conjugation it follows. | |
| Relative tense arrows | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relative tense arrows (placed within the appropriate 'Fut/Pres/Past' column) are color coded according to the conjugation of the verb. The arrows in the table below are colored according to the typical uses of the conjugations. | ||||
| After/posterior/future | Imminent future | Simultaneous/right now | Recent past | Before/anterior/past |
| ← ← |
↤ | ↓↓↓ | ↦ | → → |
| Aspect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous | Habitual or iterative | Stative | Perfective | |
| Encoded in words | ⟲ | ⟲⟲⟲ | ⎯ | • |
| Inferable from context | ⟲ | ⟲⟲⟲ | ⎯ | • |
| Reference point movement | |
|---|---|
| Movement | No movement |
| ⇐ | ⇍ |
| Modality | |
|---|---|
| indicative | purpose/result |
| jussive | necessity |
| imperative | possible |
| cohortative | probable |
| wish | ability |
| (past) conditional | interrogative, etc. |
If an emendation or revocalization is preferred, that emendation or revocalization will be marked in the Hebrew text of all the visuals.
| Emendations/Revocalizations legend | |
|---|---|
| *Emended text* | Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is indicated by blue asterisks on either side of the emendation. |
| *Revocalized text* | Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is indicated by purple asterisks on either side of the revocalization. |
Psalm 112 Verbal Semantics
For an overview of the Verbal Semantics of Psalm 112, click the expandable button below.
(Click diagram to enlarge)
Psalm 112 Semantic Analysis & Diagrams
The following grammatical diagrams are zoomable, and the lexical and phrasal overlays can be toggled on/off. Notes on the semantic layers can be found beneath each verse's diagram.
V. 1
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 1]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: הַלְלוּ praise
Object
noun: יָהּ Yah
Fragment
ConstructChain <gloss="Happy is the one">
noun: אַשְׁרֵי happiness
Nominal
noun: אִישׁ one
Adjectival <status="alternative" drop="1" height="300">
Clause
Predicate
verb-participle: יָרֵא
Object
particle: אֶת d.o.m.
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
Adjectival <status="alternative">
verb-participle: חָפֵץ delights
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מִצְוֺתָי commands
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Adverbial
adverb: מְאֹד very much
RelativeClause <drop="1">
RelativeParticle
particle: אשר who <status="elided" height="300">
Clause
Subject
Relative
Predicate
verb: יָרֵא fears
Object
particle: אֶת d.o.m.
noun: יְהוָה YHWH
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אשר <status="elided"> who
Clause
Subject
Relative
Predicate
verb: חָפֵץ delights
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his commands">
noun: מִצְוֺתָי commands
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Adverbial
adverb: מְאֹד very much
Notes
Note for V. 1
- Is הַ֥לְלוּ יָ֨הּ׀ a clause ("praise Yah") or a single-word exclamation ("Hallelujah!")? In the MT, הַלְלוּ יָהּ is treated as two words; sometimes הַלְלוּ and יָהּ are joined by maqqef, and, when they are not, each word receives its own accent (e.g., Ps. 111:1 - הַ֥לְלוּ יָ֨הּ ׀). The division of הַ֥לְלוּ יָהּ into two words suggests (though it does not require) that the words are understood as a clause: "praise Yah." By contrast, the LXX does not translate הַלְלוּ יָהּ as a clause, but rather transliterates הַלְלוּ יָהּ as an exclamation: Αλληλουια (cf. Revelation 19: Αλληλουια; Jerome: Alleluia; Targum: הללויה; so HALOT). In the DSS, הללו יה is sometimes written as two words (e.g., 4QPsf Apostrophe to Judah) and sometimes as one (e.g., 4QPsd, 4QPse), though sometimes it is difficult to tell. In the Babylonian manuscript EC1 (Ps. 106:48), הללויה is written clearly as a single word.
- If הללויה was added by the final editors of the psalter[1], not too long before the LXX was translated, then it should probably be interpreted as the LXX understood it: as a single-word exclamation.
- Even if הללויה is understood as a single word exclamation, it seems unlikely that it would have completely lost its original sense ("praise Yah!"). For this reason, we have diagrammed it as a complete clause, even though it probably functions (illocution) as an exclamation.
- The verbs יָרֵא and חָפֵץ could be either participles that modify אִישׁ adjectivally (as in Prov. 28:14— אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מְפַחֵ֣ד תָּמִ֑יד) or qatal verbs that modify אִישׁ as asyndetic relative clauses (as in Prov. 3:13—אַשְׁרֵ֣י אָ֭דָם מָצָ֣א חָכְמָ֑ה). The morphology is ambiguous. The parallel in v. 5 ( טֽוֹב־אִ֭ישׁ חוֹנֵ֣ן וּמַלְוֶ֑ה) might support reading a participle here (so probably LXX, Peshitta, Targum). In either case, there is no real difference in meaning.
- The second half of v. 1 might be an independent clause (cf. LXX), but the correspondence of חָפֵץ to יָרֵא suggests that חָפֵץ, like יָרֵא, syntactically modifies אִישׁ (so e.g., Symmachus: ος τας εντολας αυτου θελει σφοδρα; so most modern translations).
Note for V. 1
- The verb חפץ is usually accompanied by a beth preposition which indicates the object of delight.[2]
Note for V. 1
- יָרֵ֣א is a stative verb, "has come to fear" >> "fears".
- חָפֵ֥ץ is stative verb, "has come to delight" >> "delights".
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 112:1.
V. 2
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his offspring">
noun: זַרְע offspring
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
verb: יִהְיֶה will be
Complement
noun: גִּבּוֹר great one <status="alternative">
Adjectival
adjective: גִּבּוֹר great
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בָּ in
Object
article: ה <status="elided"> the
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Fragment
Clause
Subject <status="elided">
ConstructChain <gloss="his offspring">
noun: זַרְע offspring
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
verb: יִהְיֶה <status="elided"> will be
Complement
ConstructChain
Nominal
noun: דּוֹר generation
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אשר <status="elided"> which
Clause
Subject
Relative
Predicate
verb: יְבֹרָךְ will be blessed
Nominal
adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
Notes
Note for V. 2
- The prepositional phrase בָּאָרֶץ' probably modifies גִּבּוֹר adjectivally, as suggested by the word order and the prosodic structure (see MT accents). Cf. the phrase גִּבֹּר בָּאָרֶץ in Gen. 10:8. (Contrast the interpretation of the Peshitta, in which the phrase was probably understood adverbially: ܢܗܘܐ ܚܝܠܬܢ ܙܪܥܗ ܒܐܪܥܐ܂).
- It is not clear whether גִּבּוֹר is an adjective or a noun.[3] If זַרְעוֹ is a collective (seed>>descendants), then גִּבּוֹר is an adjective ("his descendants will be mighty"). If, however, זַרְעוֹ refers to a singular offspring (seed>>descendant/child), then גִּבּוֹר can be read as a noun.
- The grammar of v. 2b is difficult. There are at least three options.
- vV 2b is an independent clause in which דּוֹר יְשָׁרִים is the subject and יְבֹרָךְ is the predicate. E.g., NIV: "the generation of the upright will be blessed" (cf. LXX, Jerome, NLT, ESV, NRSV, NET, LUT, ELB, EÜ, ZÜR).
- The noun phrase דּוֹר יְשָׁרִים in v. 2b is in apposition to גִּבּוֹר in v. 2a, and יְבֹרָךְ is an asyndetic relative clause. E.g., "His descendants will be mighty in the land, a generation of upright people (who will be) blessed" (cf. NEB, JPS85; so Rashi [דור ישרים אשר יבורך יהיה זרעו]). But the phrase גִּבּוֹר בָּאָרֶץ is probably not a collective (cf. Gen. 10:8).
- v. 2b is an independent clause in which דּוֹר יְשָׁרִים adverbially modifies the verb יְבֹרָךְ (preferred). E.g., "in the generation of the upright he will be blessed" (so Peshitta: ܘܢܬܒܪܟ ܒܕܪܐ ܕܙܕܝܩ̈ܐ܂; Targum: בדר תריציא יתברך). This view works well in the context of the psalm. The "man" is the topic of the psalm and so is the most probable subject of the 3ms verb יְבֹרָךְ. The whole of v. 4, then, is about this man's legacy. The first half of the verse talks about his offspring, and the second half of the verse talks about him being blessed in a (future) generation.
Note for V. 2
- The word גִּבֹּור refers to "a human being... who is renowned for his characteristics, such as physical strength, power, bravery, skill, wealth, good character, or a combination thereof." It is associated with kingship, and is often applied to kings (cf. Ps. 45:4; Ps. 24:8 [// מלך]; Ps. 33:16 [// מלך]; Dan. 11:3 [מֶלֶךְ גִּבֹּור]). The phrase גבור בארץ occurs only elsewhere in Gen. 10:8//1 Chron. 1:10, where it describes Nimrod, who, though he is not called a "king" (מלך) is said to have had a "kingdom" (ממלכה). Although it is possible, in this instance, that the word גבור is describing Nimrod's greatness as a hunter and not as a king per se (cf. the phrase גִבֹּר־צַיִד in the following clauses), it's more likely that גבור בארץ is a general description of his greatness as a ruler (cf. Ges-18 "Gewaltherrscher auf Erden") and that skilled hunting is but one manifestation of his greatness/kingship—"to be a great hunter... was a claim associated with royal status."[4] Thus, the use of גבור (singular!) in Ps. 112 is one indication that the "man" in this psalm is a king.[5]
- Most translations read אָרֶץ as "the land (of Israel)", but if the man is a king with international significance, then ארץ might refer more broadly to the "the earth", as in Gen. 10:8.
- The meaning of "blessed" (יברך pual) depends on who is doing the blessing and who is being blessed. If the generation of upright ones is being blessed by YHWH, then the verb refers to a "causative action by which deities grant a special favor to humans."[6] If, however, the generation of upright ones is "blessing" the "man," then it would mean "to pronounce blessed," or, "to congratulate" (see e.g. 2 Sam. 8:10; Ps. 49:19), or, perhaps even "to praise". In either case, the meaning might be similar to Psalm 72:17 which, like Ps. 112:2, celebrates the king's legacy; the king is both blessed by others and a source or blessing to them: יְהִ֤י שְׁמ֨וֹ לְֽעוֹלָ֗ם לִפְנֵי־שֶׁמֶשׁ֮ יָנִין שְׁ֫מ֥וֹ וְיִתְבָּ֥רְכוּ ב֑וֹ כָּל־גּוֹיִ֥ם יְאַשְּׁרֽוּהוּ׃.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 112:2.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 112:2.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 112:2.
Alternative
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2 alternative]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: יְבֹרָךְ he will be blessed
Adverbial
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="in a generation of upright people">
noun: דּוֹר generation
Nominal
adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: דּוֹר generation
Nominal
adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
Predicate
verb: יְבֹרָךְ will be blessed
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 112:2.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 112:2.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 112:2.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 112:2.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 112:2.
V. 3
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: הוֹן wealth
conjunction: וָ and
noun: עֹשֶׁר riches
Predicate
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his house">
noun: בֵית house
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his righteousness">
noun: צִדְקָת righteousness
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
verb-participle: עֹמֶדֶת endures
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ for
Object
noun: עַד forever
Notes
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 112:3.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 112:3.
V. 4
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Subject
noun: אוֹר light <width="element">
Adjectival <drop="1">
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ for <height="150">
Object
Apposition
Object
article: ה <status="elided"> the
adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
Object <status="alternative">
Nominal
adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
adjective: צַדִּיק righteous
Subject
Nominal
adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
adjective: צַדִּיק righteous
Predicate
verb: זָרַח he has risen
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ in
Object
article: ה <status="elided"> the
noun: חֹשֶׁךְ darkness
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Apposition
Subject
noun: <status="elided">
Subject
Nominal
adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Nominal
adjective: צַדִּיק righteous
Subject
noun: אוֹר light
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לַ for
Object
Apposition
Object
article: ה <status="elided"> the
adjective: יְשָׁרִים upright ones
Predicate
verb: זָרַח he has risen
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ in
Object
article: ה <status="elided"> the
noun: חֹשֶׁךְ darkness
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Predicate
Complement
adjective: חַנּוּן merciful
conjunction: וְ and
adjective: רַחוּם compassionate
conjunction: וְ and
adjective: צַדִּיק righteous
Notes
Note for V. 4
- On the syntax of v. 4, see The Syntax and Subject(s) in Ps. 112:4.
- The adjective לַיְשָׁרִים is probably definite, even though the yod has no dagesh (cf. BHRG 8.2.5. Qenemlui letters) (cf. Ps. 33:1; Prov. 2:7). If it were indefinite, then we would expect לִישָׁרִים (cf. Ps. 125:4).
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 112:4.
Note for V. 4
- זָ֘רַ֤ח ("has risen"): Most modern translations have a present tense verb here,[14] which is communicates the sense well. In Hebrew, however, the verb is past tense ("has risen"; cf. LXX: ἐξανέτειλεν), referring to the "process by which the sun appears in the morning to provide light and warmth to the world."[15] The man is like the sun who has risen and is (by implication) presently shining (cf. Jerome: ortum est).
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 112:4.
Vv. 5-6
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 5-6]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
noun: אִישׁ one
Adjectival <gloss="lending generously">
verb-participle: חוֹנֵן being generous
conjunction: וּ
verb-participle: מַלְוֶה lending
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: אשר <status="elided"> who
Clause
Subject
Relative
Predicate
verb: יְכַלְכֵּל manages
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his affairs">
noun: דְּבָרָי affairs
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִשְׁפָּט justice
Predicate
Complement
adjective: טוֹב fortunate
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: יִמּוֹט he will waver
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְ for
Object
noun: עוֹלָם forever
Conjunction
conjunction:
Clause
Subject
adjective: צַדִּיק righteous one
Predicate
verb: יִהְיֶה will be
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="remembered forever">
Preposition
preposition: לְ
Object
ConstructChain
noun: זֵכֶר remembrance
noun: עוֹלָם forever
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: יְכַלְכֵּל manages
Object
ConstructChain
noun: דְּבָרָי affairs
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
noun: מִשְׁפָּט justice
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 112:5.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 112:5.
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V. 7
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: יִירָא will be afraid
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ of
Object
Nominal
noun: שְּׁמוּעָה news
adjective: רָעָה bad
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
Complement
Apposition
Complement
verb-participle: נָכוֹן established >> confident
Complement
verb-participle: בָּטֻחַ trusting
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ in
Object
noun: יהוָה YHWH
Notes
Note for V. 7
- Whereas the MT vocalizes בטח as a participle בָּטֻחַ (cf. Peshitta [ܬܟܝܠ-adjective], Symmachus: αμεριμνος, Targum: רחיץ; cf. Isa. 26:3), the LXX has an infinitive (ἐλπίζειν<בְּּּטֹחַ?).[16]
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 112:7.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 112:7.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 112:7.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 112:7.
V. 8
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: לִבּ heart
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
Complement
verb-participle: סָמוּךְ supported >> encouraged
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: יִירָא will fear
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: עַד אֲשֶׁר until
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: יִרְאֶה he will look [in triumph]
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="his adversaries">
Preposition
preposition: בְ
Object
ConstructChain
noun: צָרָי adversaries
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 112:8.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 112:8.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 112:8.
Note for V. 8
- עַ֖ד אֲשֶׁר־יִרְאֶ֣ה בְצָרָֽיו׃ ("until he looks (in triumph) on his adversaries"): The conjunctive עַ֖ד אֲשֶׁר implies that the following clause is yet to happen.[17]
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 112:8.
V. 9
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: פִּזַּר he has distributed
conjunction:
verb: נָתַן he has given
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
article: ה <status="elided">
noun: אֶבְיוֹנִים poor
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his righteousness">
noun: צִדְקָת righteousness
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
verb-participle: עֹמֶדֶת endures
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ for
Object
noun: עַד forever
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="his horn">
noun: קַרְנ horn
suffix-pronoun: וֹ him
Predicate
verb: תָּרוּם will lift
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
noun: כָבוֹד honor
Notes
Note for V. 9
- The construction פִּזַּ֤ר׀ נָ֘תַ֤ן may be a verbal hendiadys (cf. GKC 120h, "פזר=plentifully"). If this is correct, then the lamed prepositional phrase modifies both verbs (cf. Peshitta, which adds a conjunction: ܒܕܪ ܘܝܗܒ ܠܒܝܫ̈ܐ܂).
- On the form 'לָעַד and the qametz under ל, see GKC 102i. Compare לָנֶצַח.
Note for V. 9
- The verb פזר (piel) sometimes belongs to the contextual domain of war (cf. Ps. 89:11) and sometimes to the contextual domain of finances (cf. Prov. 11:24). In this context, it functions as a kind of janus, pointing back to the war imagery of v. 8 and forward to the financial imagery in v. 9.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 112:9.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 112:9.
V. 10
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
adjective: רָשָׁע wicked one
Predicate
verb: יִרְאֶה will see
conjunction: וְ and
verb: כָעָס will become vexed
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: יַחֲרֹק will grind
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="his teeth">
noun: שִׁנָּי teeth
suffix-pronoun: ו him
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נָמָס will melt >> will waste away
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: תַּאֲוַת desire
Nominal
adjective: רְשָׁעִים wicked ones
Predicate
verb: תֹּאבֵד will come to an end
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 112:10.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 112:10.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 112:10.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 112:10.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 112:10.
- ↑ Cf. Hossfeld and Zenger 2011, 39-41; Robertson 2015, 265-268.
- ↑ E.g., Pss. 73:25; 109:17; 119:35; 147:10; cf. Ps. 1:2. Cf. BHRG 39.6(1)(b)(ii)
- ↑ Cf. Ges18: "subst. u. adj. Gebr. oft nicht z. unterscheiden."
- ↑ DBI "Hunting".
- ↑ Cf. Sherwood 1989.
- ↑ SDBH.
- ↑ The decision to read these nouns as coreferential might be supported by the way they are vocalised. "With concepts that are closely related (provided the first syllable of the second word is stressed, [waw] becomes וָ" (BHRG 40.23). Cf. the merism in Prov 30:8 — רֵאשׁ וָעֹשֶׁר.
- ↑ Cf. 1 Kgs 5:2ff.
- ↑ So LXX: μένει; Jerome: perseverans cf; cf. Ps. 1:6.
- ↑ Cf. Gordon, The Development of the Participle in Hebrew, 1982, 5-11.
- ↑ E.g., 1 Sam. 2:6–10; cf. Notarius, The Active Predicative Participle in Archaic and Classical Biblical Poetry: A Typological and Historical Investigation, 2010.
- ↑ SDBH.
- ↑ Gen 32:32; Exod 22:2; 2 Sam 34:4; 1 Kgs 3:22; Jonah 4:8; Nah 3:17; Ps 104:22; Eccl 1:5.
- ↑ E.g., "shines"; cf. NIV, NLT, NRSV, ESV, NET, GNT, JPS85, LUT, HFA, NGÜ, ELB, EÜ, GNB, ZÜR, NVI, DHH, BTX4.
- ↑ SDBH.
- ↑ Cf. GKC 50f.
- ↑ Cf. LXX subjunctive: ἕως οὗ ἐπίδῃ.