Psalm 44 Semantics
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Psalm 44/Semantics
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Sheep to Be Slaughtered
Psalm 44
Please note: Resources for Psalm 44 are in the process of being reformatted for visual consistency and improved functionality.
About the Grammar & Semantics Layer
Semantics is the study of how language is used to represent meaning. The goal of semantic analysis for interpreting and translating the Bible is to understand the meaning of words and how they relate to each other in context. We want to understand what is implicit about word meaning – and thus assumed by the original audience – and make it explicit – and thus clear for us who are removed by time, language, and culture. The semantics layer is composed of three major branches: lexical semantics, phrase-level semantics and verbal semantics.
About the Grammar Layer
The grammar layer visually represents the grammar and syntax of each clause. It also displays alternative interpretations of the grammar. (For more information, click "Show/Hide Grammar Legend" below.)
| Visualization | Description |
|---|---|
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The clause is represented by a horizontal line with a vertical line crossing through it, separating the subject and the verb. |
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The object is indicated by a vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the clause. Infinitives and participles may also have objects. If the direct object marker (d.o.m.) is present in the text, it appears in the diagram immediately before the object. If the grammar includes a secondary object, the secondary object will appear after the object, separated by another vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the clause. |
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The subject complement follows the verb (often omitted in Hebrew) separated with a line leaning toward the right. It can be a noun, a whole prepositional phrase or an adjective. The later two appear modifying the complement slot. |
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When a noun further describes or renames the object, it is an object complement. The object complement follows the object separated by a line leaning toward the right. |
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In a construct chain, the noun in the absolute form modifies the noun in the construct form. |
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Participles are indicated in whatever position in the clause they are in with a curved line before the participle. Participles can occur as nominal, where they take the place of a noun, predicate, where they take the place of a verb, or attributive, where they modify a noun or a verb similar to adjectives or adverbs. |
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Infinitives are indicated by two parallel lines before the infinitive that cross the horizontal line. Infinitive constructs can appear as the verb in an embedded clause. Infinitive absolutes typically appear as an adverbial. |
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The subject of the infinitive often appears in construct to it. In this situation, the infinitive and subject are diagrammed as a construct chain. |
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The object of the infinitive is indicated by a vertical line that does not cross the horizontal line of the infinitival clause. |
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Modifiers are represented by a solid diagonal line from the word they modify. They can attach to verbs, adjectives, or nouns. If modifying a verb or adjective, it is an adverb, but if modifying a noun, it is an adjective, a quantifier, or a definite article. If an adverb is modifying a modifier, it is connected to the modifier by a small dashed horizontal line. |
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Adverbials are indicated by a dashed diagonal line extending to a horizontal line. These are nouns or infinitives that function adverbially (modifying either a verb or a participle), but are not connected by a preposition. |
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Prepositional phrases are indicated by a solid diagonal line extending to a horizontal line. The preposition is to the left of the diagonal line and the dependent of the preposition is on the horizontal line. They can modify verbs (adverbial) or nouns (adjectival). |
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Embedded clauses are indicated by a "stand" that looks like an upside-down Y. The stand rests in the grammatical position that the clause fulfills. Extending from the top of the stand is a horizontal line for the clause. If introduced by a complementizer, for example כִּי, the complementizer appears before the stand. Embedded clauses can stand in the place of any noun. |
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When clauses are joined by a conjunction, they are compound clauses. These clauses are connected by a vertical dotted line. The conjunction is placed next to the dotted line. |
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Within a clause, if two or more parts of speech are compound, these are represented by angled lines reaching to the two compound elements connected by a solid vertical line. If a conjunction is used, the conjunction appears to the left of the vertical line. Almost all parts of speech can be compound. |
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Subordinate clauses are indicated by a dashed line coming from the line dividing the subject from the predicate in the independent clause and leading to the horizontal line of the subordinate clause. The subordinating conjunction appears next to the dashed line. |
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Relative clauses also have a dashed line, but the line connects the antecedent to the horizontal line of the relative clause. The relative particle appears next to the dashed line. |
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Sentence fragments are represented by a horizontal line with no vertical lines. They are most frequently used in superscriptions to psalms. They are visually similar to discourse particles and vocatives, but most often consist of a noun phrase (that does not refer to a person or people group) or a prepositional phrase. |
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In the body of the psalm, a horizontal line by itself (with no modifiers or vertical lines) can indicate either a discourse particle or a vocative (if the word is a noun referring to a person or people group). A discourse particle is a conjunction or particle that functions at the discourse level, not at the grammatical level. Vocatives can appear either before or after the clause addressed to them, depending on the word order of the Hebrew. |
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Apposition is indicated by an equal sign equating the two noun phrases. This can occur with a noun in any function in a sentence. |
| Hebrew text colors | |
|---|---|
| Default preferred text | The default preferred reading is represented by a black line. The text of the MT is represented in bold black text. |
| Dispreferred reading | The dispreferred reading is an alternative interpretation of the grammar, represented by a pink line. The text of the MT is represented in bold pink text, while emendations and revocalizations retain their corresponding colors (see below). |
| Emended text | Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is represented by bold blue text, whether that reading is preferred or dispreferred. |
| Revocalized text | Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is represented by bold purple text, whether that reading is preferred or dispreferred. |
| (Supplied elided element) | Any element that is elided in the Hebrew text is represented by bold gray text in parentheses. |
| ( ) | The position of a non-supplied elided element is represented by empty black parentheses. For example, this would be used in the place of the noun when an adjective functions substantivally or in the place of the antecedent when a relative clause has an implied antecedent. |
| Gloss text colors | |
|---|---|
| Gloss used in the CBC | The gloss used in the Close-but-Clear translation is represented by bold blue text. |
| Literal gloss >> derived meaning | A gloss that shows the more literal meaning as well as the derived figurative meaning is represented in blue text with arrows pointing towards the more figurative meaning. The gloss used in the CBC will be bolded. |
| Supplied elided element | The gloss for a supplied elided element is represented in bold gray text. |
About the Lexical Semantics Layer
One major branch of semantic study is lexical semantics, which refers to the study of word meanings. It examines semantic range (=possible meanings of a word), the relationship between words (e.g. synonymy, hyponymy), as well as the relationship between words and larger concepts (conceptual domains). One component of our approach involves not only the study of the Hebrew word meaning, but also of our own assumptions about word meaning in modern languages. Because the researcher necessarily starts with their own cultural assumptions (in our case, those of Western-trained scholars), this part of the analysis should be done afresh for every culture.
For a detailed description of our method, see the Lexical Semantics Creator Guidelines.
- See our growing collection of Venn Diagrams, not only for Psalm 44, but for all of the psalms.
- See SDBH on Psalm 44.
About the Phrase-Level Semantics Layer
The Phrase-level Semantics layer analyses the meaning of syntactic units which are larger than the level of the word and smaller than the level of the clause. Specifically, this layer analyses the meaning of prepositional phrases (e.g., לְאִישׁ), construct phrases (e.g., אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים), phrases formed by a coordinating waw conjunction (e.g., אִישׁ וְאִשָּׁה) and noun phrases which consist of a noun plus a determiner (e.g., הָאִישׁ) or a quantifier (e.g., כֹּל אִישׁ).
For a detailed description of our method, see the Phrase-level Semantics Creator Guidelines.
| Visualization | Description |
|---|---|
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The prepositional phrase is indicated by a solid green oval. |
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The construct chain is indicated by a solid yellow oval. |
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When the conjunction ו appears at the phrase-level (not clause-level), it is indicated by a solid light purple oval. |
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The article is indicated by a solid blue oval. |
About the Verbal Semantics Layer
This sub-layer focuses on the relationship between verbs, time and modality. These are important categories for interpretation and translation, and how one analyses a verb can have a significant effect on how it is rendered. This sub-layer has been through several iterations, as it strives to accomplish two things: (1) Transparency for the native Hebrew structures, and (2) Transparency for the interpretation necessary to translate the verbal semantics into other languages.
For a detailed description of our method, see the Verbal Semantics Creator Guidelines.
| Conjugations | |
|---|---|
| qatal | yiqtol-jussive |
| wayyiqtol (following qatal)* | cohortative |
| yiqtol | participle |
| wayyiqtol (following yiqtol)* | wayyiqtol (following participle)* |
| weyiqtol | inf. construct |
| weqatal | inf. absolute |
| *Wayyiqtol is colored a darker version of the conjugation it follows. | |
| Relative tense arrows | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relative tense arrows (placed within the appropriate 'Fut/Pres/Past' column) are color coded according to the conjugation of the verb. The arrows in the table below are colored according to the typical uses of the conjugations. | ||||
| After/posterior/future | Imminent future | Simultaneous/right now | Recent past | Before/anterior/past |
| ← ← |
↤ | ↓↓↓ | ↦ | → → |
| Aspect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous | Habitual or iterative | Stative | Perfective | |
| Encoded in words | ⟲ | ⟲⟲⟲ | ⎯ | • |
| Inferable from context | ⟲ | ⟲⟲⟲ | ⎯ | • |
| Reference point movement | |
|---|---|
| Movement | No movement |
| ⇐ | ⇍ |
| Modality | |
|---|---|
| indicative | purpose/result |
| jussive | necessity |
| imperative | possible |
| cohortative | probable |
| wish | ability |
| (past) conditional | interrogative, etc. |
If an emendation or revocalization is preferred, that emendation or revocalization will be marked in the Hebrew text of all the visuals.
| Emendations/Revocalizations legend | |
|---|---|
| *Emended text* | Emended text, text in which the consonants differ from the consonants of the Masoretic text, is indicated by blue asterisks on either side of the emendation. |
| *Revocalized text* | Revocalized text, text in which only the vowels differ from the vowels of the Masoretic text, is indicated by purple asterisks on either side of the revocalization. |
Psalm 44 Verbal Semantics
For an overview of the Verbal Semantics of Psalm 44, click the expandable button below.
(Click diagram to enlarge)
Psalm 44 Semantic Analysis & Diagrams
The following grammatical diagrams are zoomable, and the lexical and phrasal overlays can be toggled on/off. Notes on the semantic layers can be found beneath each verse's diagram.
V. 1
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 1]
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="for the director" x="0" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: לַ to
Object
article: הַ the <status="elided">
verb-participle: מְנַצֵּחַ direct >> director
Fragment
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="by the Korahites" x="0" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: לִ of
Object
ConstructChain
noun: בְנֵי sons >> descendants
noun: קֹרַח Korah
Fragment
Nominal
noun: מַשְׂכִּיל maskil
Notes
Note for V. 1
- The meaning of מַשְׂכִּיל: The sense of this term is not fully understood. It is often associated with the hiphil form of the verb שׂכל "to instruct, teach" (cf. Ps 32:1, 8, which feature מַשְׂכִּֽיל in v. 1, and אַשְׂכִּילְךָ "I will instruct you" in v. 8). Thus the LXX translates 44:1 with εἰς σύνεσιν "regarding understanding" (NETS). However, given the overarching theme of lament in Ps 44, it is difficult to see how the psalm qualifies as instruction. It is also possible to render מַשְׂכִּיל as "meditation" or "skillful psalm" (Craigie 2004, 264). To further complicate matters, it is unclear as to whether the term refers to the psalm's musical accompaniment or its content (Ibid). Another possibility is that מַשְׂכִּיל should be associated with the rare II-שׂכל "to lay over cross-wise" (HALOT; cf. Gen 48:14), with the liturgical sense of alternating chants, or antiphony (Koenen 1991, 112). In the absence of definitive conclusions, most modern translations transliterate the term as maskil.
Note for V. 1
- לַ(הַ)מְנַצֵּחַ ("for the [musical] director"): Inclusiveness - class. The article here can designate “a class of persons or things that are definite in themselves” (BHRG, §24.4.4[4]). If, however, there was only one director in Israel at any given time, it could be construed as a situationally unique referent (IBHS, §13.5.1b).
- The לְ in לִ-בְנֵי־קֹרַח ("by the Korahites") is the ל of authorship (lamed auctoris) is a subset of the quasi-locational use of the lamed (IBHS, §11.2.10d).
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 44:1.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:1.
V. 2
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 2]
Fragment
Vocative
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁמַעְנוּ we hear
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="with our ears" x="0" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: אָזְנֵי ears
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Object
noun: פֹּעַל deeds <status="elided">
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our ancestors" x="0" y="-10">
noun: אֲבוֹתֵי fathers >> ancestors
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: סִפְּרוּ recount
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Object
Nominal
noun: פֹּעַל deeds
RelativeClause
RelativeParticle
particle: which <status="elided">
Clause
Predicate
verb: פָּעַלְתָּ you perform
Object <located="relative clause head">
Adverbial
Apposition
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in their times" x="-80" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: בִ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: ימֵי days
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="in times long ago" x="0" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: בִּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: ימֵי days
noun: קֶדֶם ancient time
Notes
Note for V. 2
- The object of שָׁמַעְנוּ: While the qal verb שׁמע can occasionally be used intransitively (e.g., Gen 35:22; Num 12:2; Deut 6:4), in such instances the object of the verb (i.e., the content which is heard) is implied by the context. While it is separated from שָׁמַעְנוּ by an intervening clause, the present context suggests that פֹּעַל serves as the object of both שָׁמַעְנוּ and סִפְּרוּ.
- Another possibility is the parenthesis of אֲבוֹתֵ֥ינוּ סִפְּרוּ־לָ֑נוּ, as read in the CSB: We have heard with our ears— our ancestors have told us— the work you accomplished in their days.
- Textual note on בִּימֵי: Some Hebrew manuscripts read כימי instead of בִּימֵי, but this alternative is not reflected in modern translations.
Note for V. 2
- The meaning of אֲבוֹתֵינוּ: While the noun אָב most typically refers to a literal father, it is often used to refer to more remote ancestors, especially with respect to founders of tribal units (TWOT, 6). Here in 44:2, context and the plural form make clear that ancestors are in view. Given the imagery of dispossessed nations of vv. 3–4, this is most likely a reference to Israel in the era of the conquest (cf. VanGemeren 2008, 390).
- The number of פֹּעַל: The noun פֹּעַל is almost always grammatically singular, though the term is usually used in a collective sense of repeated or habitual acts (DCH).
Note for V. 2
- The בְּ in בְּ-אָזְנֵינוּ ("with our ears") is an instrumental בְּ. The information reported comes into figurative contact with the speaker's ears (BHRG, §39.6b[ii]). Thus the ears become the figurative instrument of hearing.
- The בְּ in בִֽ-ימֵיהֶם ("in their time") as well as in בִּ-ימֵי קֶֽדֶם׃ ("in days long ago") are temporal. The temporal use of ב marks actual time in, at, or when (IBHS, §11.2.5c).
Note for V. 2
- Most modern translations render the verb שָׁמַעְנוּ as a present perfect ("we have heard"; so NIV, ESV, NASB, CSB, NET), which would highlight the resultant state of the action. This fits the context of the psalm, in light of its theme of appealing to past events for present circumstances (Craigie 2004, 333). As a present perfect, no reference point movement is expected.
- Most modern translations render the verb סִפְּרוּ as a present perfect ("our ancestors have recounted"; so NIV, ESV, NASB, CSB, NET), which would highlight the resultant state of the action. This fits the context of the psalm, in light of its theme of appealing to past events for present circumstances (Craigie 2004, 333). As a present perfect, no reference point movement is expected.
- The verb פָּעַלְתָּ introduces an asyndetic relative clause that qualifies פֹּעַל (i.e., "the deeds [which] you did..."). The reference time of פָּעַלְתָּ is established by the relative clause, as well as the adverbial modifiers בִימֵיהֶם and בִּימֵי קֶדֶם. Thus פָּעַלְתָּ denotes a simple past action within the newly established reference time, and reference point movement is expected.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:2.
V. 3
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 3]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
verb: הוֹרַשְׁתָּ dispossess
Object
noun: גּוֹיִם nations
Adverbial
ConstructChain
noun: יָדְ hand >> strength
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ so
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּטָּע you plant
verb: תִּטָּע you transplant <status="alternative"> // Remove for Grammar
Object
suffix-pronoun: םֵ them
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תָּרַע you afflict
Object
noun: לְאֻמִּים peoples
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ so
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּשַׁלְּח set free
verb: תְּשַׁלְּח expel <status="alternative"> // Remove for Grammar
Object
suffix-pronoun: םֵ them
Notes
Note for V. 3
- The function of יָדְךָ: The LXX renders v. 3a with יָדְךָ as the subject of a third-person verb, ἡ χείρ σου ἔθνη ἐξωλέθρευσεν ("your hand destroyed nations," NETS). It is possible that the LXX understands יָדְךָ, as a metonymy for God, as the subject of the 2ms verb הוֹרַשְׁתָּ, with agreement between the verb and the 2ms pronominal suffix (JM §151c). However, it is more likely that יָדְךָ functions as an adverbial accusative (i.e., "You dispossessed the nations by your hand"; cf. GKC §144l–m), as reflected in most modern translations.
- 3mp pronominal suffixes: There is some ambiguity as to the referent of the 3mp pronominal suffixes of וַתִּטָּעֵם and וַתְּשַׁלְּחֵם. Most modern translations interpret them as referring to the forefathers of v. 2 (so NIV, ESV, NRSV, NET, CSB). This would require reading the wayyiqtol verbs as adversative ("but them you planted... but them you set free...," NRSV) or purpose/resultative ("in order to plant them... in order to settle them...," CSB). Alternatively, a temporally sequential reading of the wayyiqtols would suggest that the suffixes refer to the גּוֹיִם and לְאֻמִּים (so NASB95, LSB, KJV). For an in-depth discussion, see Lexical Semantics and Participant Analysis.
Note for V. 3
- The meaning of יָדְךָ (your hand >> your strength): The bodily term יָד functions in the contextual domain of strength to denote one's power (SDBH). The imagery of God's hand is used figuratively to refer to his strength and power.
- The sense of וַתִּטָּעֵם and וַתְּשַׁלְּחֵם: Depending on the referents of the 3mp pronominal suffixes on these verbs (see Method:Grammar notes), the connotations of these terms could either be positive (i.e., "you planted... and set free [our ancestors]") or negative (i.e., "you transplanted... and expelled [the nations]"). Although גּוֹיִם "nations" and לְאֻמִּים "peoples" are syntactically nearer to the verbs, the אֲבוֹתֵינוּ "our ancestors" of v. 2 constitute the major participants, or protagonists, of this section, and are thus more cognitively accessible (or proximate) to the reader (de Regt 2020, 8). Thus, these verbs most likely have the positive sense of God settling Israel in the land (cf. NIV, CSB, NET). See Participant Analysis for further discussion.
- The meaning of וַתְּשַׁלְּחֵם: The core sense of the verb שׁלח appears to be "to send," from which other uses of the term radiate (NIDOTTE, 4:119). If taken in a positive sense (see note above), this verb could have the sense of "to let go free" (HALOT) or "to cause spread out" (DCH, 8:384). It has been suggested that וַתְּשַׁלְּחֵם should be connected with IV-שׁלח "to put forth shoots" (Ibid, 8:389; cf. VanGemeren 2008, 390). However, this would likely require an emendation from the piel form to an otherwise unattested hiphil of IV-שׁלח "to cause to put forth shoots" (DCH, 8:389, emphasis added). In absence of textual evidence for such an emendation, the most likely sense here is that of God setting Israel free to settle the land. In this vein, the piel שׁלח occurs as a thematic term in Exod 3–20 in reference to Pharaoh allowing Israel to go free from Egypt (NIDOTTE, 4:120, 121).
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:3.
Note for V. 3
- הוֹרַשְׁתָּ ("dispossessed"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtol can be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Here in v. 3a, the qatal הוֹרַשְׁתָּ is likely a summary statement that encompasses a dispossession which, historically, occurred in stages. The habitual yiqtol תָּרַע in v. 3c clarifies that this was not a one-time occurrence—a dynamic that is also implied by the plural objects גּוֹיִם (v. 3a) and לְאֻמִּים (v. 3c).
- וַתִּטָּעֵם ("you planted them"): While the wayyiqtol does not necessarily denote temporal succession, its association with narrative texts can be used in poetry to mark departures from typical parallelistic structure (BHRG §21.2.3). Here, it likely denotes that the planting of Israel temporally followed the dispossession of the nations.
- תָּרַע ("you would afflict"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtol can be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Previously in v. 3a, the qatal הוֹרַשְׁתָּ was likely a summary statement that encompasses a dispossession which, historically, occurred in stages. The habitual yiqtol תָּרַע here in v. 3c clarifies that this was not a one-time occurrence—a dynamic that is also implied by the plural objects גּוֹיִם (v. 3a) and לְאֻמִּים (v. 3c).
- וַֽתְּשַׁלְּחֵֽם ("you would set them free"): While the wayyiqtol does not necessarily denote temporal succession, its association with narrative texts can be used in poetry to mark departures from typical parallelistic structure (BHRG §21.2.3). Here, it likely denotes that the setting free of Israel temporally followed the affliction of the nations. As it follows upon the habitual yiqtol תָּרַע, the wayyiqtol וַֽתְּשַׁלְּחֵֽם also denotes habitual occurrences. The piel of שׁלח can mean "to set free" or "to expel," depending on the context (TWOT, 928). Based on the parallel with וַתִּטָּעֵם in v. 3b, the verb likely denotes, "you would set [Israel] free." For further discussion, see Participant Analysis.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:3.
V. 4
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 4]
Fragment
particle: כִּי for
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: יָרְשׁוּ they take possession
Object
noun: אָרֶץ land
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ by
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their sword" x="80" y="-10">
noun: חַרְבּ sword
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Adverbial
adverb: לֹא not
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="their power" x="0" y="-10">
noun: זְרוֹע arm >> power
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Predicate
verb: הוֹשִׁיעָה give victory
Adverbial
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָּ for
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי but
Clause
Subject
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your right hand" x="80" y="-10">
noun: יְמִינְ right hand
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="your power" x="120" y="-10">
noun: זְרוֹעֲ arm >> power
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="the light of your countenance" x="30" y="-20"> // <gloss="the light of your face >> the light of your countenance" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
noun: אוֹר light
ConstructChain
noun: פָּנֶי face
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Predicate <status="elided">
verb: הוֹשִׁיעָה give victory
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָּ for
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי because
Clause
Predicate
verb: רְצִית you favor
Object
suffix-pronoun: ָם them
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:4.
Note for V. 4
- The meaning of הוֹשִׁיעָה: The verbal root ישׁע typically refers to the act of bringing help in the midst of trouble, rather than rescue out of it (NIDOTTE, 2:556). In the present context, the sense is that of God's provision of military victory over adversaries (Ibid, 2:560).
- The meaning of יְמִינְךָ and וּזְרוֹעֲךָ: The bodily terms יָמִין and זְרוֹעַ function in the contextual domain of strength to denote one's power (SDBH).
- The meaning of וְאוֹר פָּנֶיךָ: Within the contextual domain of body imagery, the "light (of one's face)" denotes a smile of favor (SDBH).
- אוֹר פָּנֶי-ךָ ("the light of your face") is entity–origin. The imagery of light is "associated with life, goodness, happiness, prosperity, security, favor, and wisdom" (SDBH). The idiom אוֹר פָּנֶיךָ "light of your [i.e., God's] face" indicates divine approval (TWOT, 25). Thus, the semantics of the figurative expression is more akin to characteristic-possessor.
- פָּנֶי-ךָ ("your face") possession (body part)–possessor. With פָנֶי used figuratively to refer to one's presence (DCH), the construct relationship would be closer to that of characteristic-possessor.
Note for V. 4
- Prepositions: The preposition בְּ of בְחַרְבָּם indicates the means or instrument by which the land is (not) possessed (GKC §119o). The לְ preposition of לָּמוֹ indicates a dative of advantage, expressing the party to whose advantage הוֹשִׁיעָה comes (JM §133d).
Note for V. 4
- רְצִיתָֽם ("you were pleased"): As part of an explanatory כּי-clause, the qatal is not temporally sequential, but rather a perfect of result (i.e., "you had been pleased with them [in the past]" >> "you are [now] pleased with them"). Thus, no reference point movement is expected.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:4.
V. 5
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 5]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
copula: הוּא are
Complement
Apposition
ConstructChain <gloss="my king" x="100" y="-10">
noun: מַלְכּ king
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
ConstructChain
Nominal
noun: אֱלֹהָ God <status="emendation">
Adjectival
ConstructChain
verb-participle: מְצַוֶּה commands <status="emendation">
Nominal
ConstructChain <gloss="victory for Jacob" x="80" y="-10">
noun: יְשׁוּעוֹת victory
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
suffix-pronoun: ִי me <status="emendation">
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:5.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 44:5.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:5.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 44:5.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:5.
Alternative
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 5 alternative]
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Subject
pronoun: אַתָּה you
Predicate
copula: הוּא are
Complement
ConstructChain <gloss="my king" x="0" y="-10">
noun: מַלְכּ king
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Fragment <status="alternative">
Vocative
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Fragment <status="alternative">
Clause
Predicate
verb: צַוֵּה command
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="victory for Jacob" x="0" y="-10">
noun: יְשׁוּעוֹת victory
noun: יַעֲקֹב Jacob
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:5.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 44:5.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:5.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 44:5.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:5.
V. 6
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 6]
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: נְנַגֵּחַ we gore
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="our adversaries" x="100" y="-10">
noun: צָרֵי adversaries
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="with your help" x="0" y="-10"> // <gloss="with you >> with your help" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: נָבוּס we tread down
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="our adversaries" x="140" y="-10"> // <gloss="those who rise against us >> our adversaries" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
verb-participle: קָמֵי those who rise
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="under your authority" x="0" y="-10"> // <gloss="in your name >> under your authority" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
Preposition
preposition: בְּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: שִׁמְ name
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:6.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 44:6.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:6.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 44:6.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:6.
V. 7
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 7]
Fragment
particle: כִּי for
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: אֶבְטָח I trust
Adverbial
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ in
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="my bow" x="80" y="-10">
noun: קַשְׁתּ bow
suffix-pronoun: יִ me
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my sword" x="80" y="-10">
noun: חַרְבּ sword
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: תוֹשִׁיעֵ give victory
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
adverb: לֹא not
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:7.
Note for V. 7
- The meaning of תוֹשִׁיעֵנִי: The verbal root ישׁע typically refers to the act of bringing help in the midst of trouble, rather than rescue out of it (NIDOTTE, 2:556). In the present context, the sense is that of God's provision of military victory over adversaries (Ibid, 2:560).
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:7.
Note for V. 7
- אֶבְטָח ("I cannot trust"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol denotes habitual action. Since the fronted instrumental בְקַשְׁתִּי indicates replacing focus (see Macrosyntax), the nuance here is, "I do not trust in my bow [since only you can be trusted]..." Hence, the modality indicated is that of ability, "I cannot trust in my bow."
- תוֹשִׁיעֵֽנִי ("give me victory"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol denotes habitual action. Since the fronted instrumental וְחַרְבִּי indicates replacing focus (see Macrosyntax), the nuance here is, "my sword does not give victory [since only you can]..." Hence, the modality indicated is that of ability, "my sword cannot give victory."
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:7.
V. 8
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 8]
Fragment
particle: כִּי but rather
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: הוֹשַׁעְתָּ you give victory >> you deliver
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ from
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="our adversaries" x="100" y="-10">
noun: צָּרֵי adversaries
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: הֱבִישׁוֹתָ you put to shame
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="our enemies" x="140" y="-10">
verb-participle: מְשַׂנְאֵי those who hate
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:8.
Note for V. 8
- The meaning of הוֹשַׁעְתָּנוּ: The verbal root ישׁע typically refers to the act of bringing help in the midst of trouble, rather than rescue out of it (NIDOTTE, 2:556). In the present context, the sense is that of God's provision of military victory over adversaries (Ibid, 2:560).
- The meaning of הֱבִישׁוֹתָ: While most modern translations render this verb as "to put to shame," some translations opt for "to put to confusion" (NRSV, REB; cf. also Vulg., confudisti). The verb בושׁ can indeed express confusion, in the sense of the embarrassment and dismay that occur when a situation goes contrary to one's expectations (TWOT, 98). When applied to the context of military defeat, the term can express a disgrace that involves nuances of "confusion, disillusionment, humiliation, and brokenness which the word connotes" (Ibid).
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:8.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:8.
V. 9
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 9]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: הִלַּלְנוּ we boast
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בֵּ in
Object
noun: אלֹהִים God
Adverbial <gloss="all day long" x="0" y="-10">
Nominal
quantifier: כָל all
article: הַ the
noun: יּוֹם day
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: נוֹדֶה we confess >> we declare
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your name" x="80" y="-10">
noun: שִׁמְ name
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="forever" x="0" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
noun: עוֹלָם eternity
Fragment
particle: סֶלָה Selah
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:9.
Note for V. 9
- The meaning of נוֹדֶה: The concept of ידה involves confession, which could denote publicly admitting one's shortcomings before God (SDBH). However, in the present context, ידה appears to denote a declaration of God's attributes and works (TWOT, 365).
- The meaning of סֶלָה: While there have been a multitude of proposed explanations for the 71 occurrences of סֶלָה in the Psalms, the meaning of the term remains unclear (Kraus 1988, 28). Most likely, the term has some type of musical significance (Craigie 2004, 76). The LXX translates the term with διάψαλμα, "leading motif" (LEH) or "interlude on strings" (NETS); whereas most modern translations simply transliterate it as Selah.
Note for V. 9
- כָל־הַיּוֹם ("all day long"): Indication of duration of time. This noun phrase specifies the temporal duration of the psalmist's boasting in God. Read in parallel with לְעוֹלָם in the following line, the temporal frame is not limited to a single day. Rather, it communicates continual praise throughout the entirety of the day.
- בֵּֽ-אלֹהִים ("in God"): The preposition ב often introduces the object of a mental act (GKC, §119l) as the piel verb הלל requires a complement. Alternatively, this prepositional phrase could be read as specification (i.e., “boast with respect to God...”; Arnold and Choi, §4.1.5e).
Note for V. 9
- הִלַּלְנוּ ("We have been boasting"): The continual aspect of this clause is inferred from the temporal modifier כָל־הַיּוֹם "all day long." As the psalmist is describing a past action with present results, the no reference time movement is expected.
- נוֹדֶה ("we will keep declaring"): It is possible to construe נוֹדֶה as a cohortative (i.e., "Let us praise"). However, taken in parallel with the preceding qatal הִלַּלְנוּ, it is likely that the paired construction is expressing praise extending from the past (qatal הִלַּלְנוּ) to the future (yiqtol נוֹדֶה), thus emphasizing the totality of Israel's commitment.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:9.
V. 10
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 10]
Fragment
particle: אַף yet
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: זָנַחְתָּ you reject
Object <status="elided">
pronoun: נוּ us
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ that is
Clause
Predicate
verb: תַּכְלִימֵ you put to shame
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: תֵצֵא you go forth
Adverbial
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְּ with
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="our armies" x="0" y="-10">
noun: צִבְאוֹתֵי companies >> armies
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:10.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 44:10.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:10.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 44:10.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:10.
V. 11
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 11]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּשִׁיבֵ you turn back >> you make retreat
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial <gloss="" x="0" y="-10">
noun: אָחוֹר backwards
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="before the adversary" x="0" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: מִנִּי from
Object
ConstructChain
noun: צָר adversary
Object <status="alternative">
ConstructChain
noun: צָרֵי adversary <status="emendation">
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us <status="emendation">
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our enemies" x="120" y="-10">
verb-participle: מְשַׂנְאֵי those who hate
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: שָׁסוּ plunder
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="for themselves" x="0" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: לָ for
Object
suffix-pronoun: מוֹ them
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:11.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 44:11.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:11.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 44:11.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:11.
V. 12
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 12]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּתְּנֵ you give
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ as
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="sheep for consumption" x="60" y="-10">
noun: צֹאן sheep
noun: מַאֲכָל food
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: זֵרִיתָ you scatter
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="among the nations" x="0" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: בַ among
Object
article: הַ the <status="elided">
noun: גּוֹיִם nations
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:12.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 44:12.
Note for V. 12
- בַ-גּוֹיִם ("among the nations"): The preposition ב frequently indicates spatial location (BHRG, §39.6.1a). In connection with the verb זרה, it indicates place "among" the nations (DCH, 3:135).
Note for V. 12
- תִּתְּנֵנוּ ("you give us"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtolcan be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Here in v. 12, being given over [as sheep] (תִּתְּנֵנוּ, v. 12a) and being scattered (זֵרִיתָֽנוּ, v. 12b) do not refer a single, isolated event, but rather a regular occurrence in the psalmist's current experience.
- זֵרִיתָֽנוּ ("you have scattered us"): Paired qatal and yiqtol constructions can denote a general truth. The typically habitual value of the yiqtolcan be viewed as providing an overlapping circumstantial description to the qatal (Niccacci 2006, 257–58). Here in v. 12, being given over [as sheep] (תִּתְּנֵנוּ, v. 12a) and being scattered (זֵרִיתָֽנוּ, v. 12b) do not refer a single, isolated event, but rather a regular occurrence in the psalmist's current experience. As such, the qatal זֵרִיתָֽנוּ focuses on the resultant state (i.e., God has caused a state of scattering), and no reference point movement is expected.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:12.
V. 13
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 13]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּמְכֹּר you sell
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your people" x="80" y="-10">
noun: עַמְּ people
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="without compensation" x="-80" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: בְ with
Object
noun: הוֹן wealth >> price
Adverbial
adverb: לֹא no
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: רִבִּיתָ you make great
Object <status="elided">
ConstructChain
noun: עַמְּ people
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ with respect to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="their price" x="100" y="-10">
noun: מְחִירֵי price
suffix-pronoun: הֶם them
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:13.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 44:13.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:13.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 44:13.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:13.
V. 14
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 14]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּשִׂימֵ turn into
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
SecondObject
noun: חֶרְפָּה object of scorn
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="our neighbors" x="100" y="-10">
noun: שְׁכֵנֵי inhabitants
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּשִׂימֵ make <status="elided">
Object <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
SecondObject <gloss="scornful derision" x="0" y="-10">
noun: לַעַג derision
conjunction: וָ and
noun: קֶלֶס scorn
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לִ to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="those who surround us" x="140" y="-10">
noun: סְבִיבוֹתֵי those who surround
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:14.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 44:14.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:14.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 44:14.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:14.
V. 15
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 15]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּשִׂימֵ turn into
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
SecondObject
noun: מָשָׁל parable
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="among the nations" x="0" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: בַּ among
Object
article: הַ the <status="elided">
noun: גּוֹיִם nations
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּשִׂימֵ make <status="elided">
Object <status="elided">
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
SecondObject
ConstructChain <gloss="object of pity">
noun: מְנוֹד shaking
noun: רֹאשׁ head
Adverbial <status="alternative">
Nominal
noun: אֻמִּים tribes
adjective: בַּל not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בַּ among <status="emendation">
Object
article: הַ the <status="elided">
noun: לְאֻמִּים peoples <status="emendation">
Notes
Note for V. 15
- Textual note on בַּלְאֻמִּים: BHS, in reproducing the text of Leningradensis (L), reads בַּל־אֻמִּים ("not peoples"?) in v. 15. Most Hebrew manuscripts (including the Aleppo and Sassoon Codices) read בַּלְאֻמִּים ("among the peoples") instead. This reading is also supported by the LXX and Targum.
- It is possible that L has mis-divided the original בלאמים into בַּל־אֻמִּים (so Goldingay 2007, 2:36). However, as the identical construction בַּל־אֻמִּים also occurs in Pss 57:10; 108:4; and 149:7 of L, if this were indeed a scribal error, it would be an unusually common one that was made.
- The reading of בַּל־אֻמִּים makes little sense syntactically, as the negative particle בַּל is not elsewhere found with substantives (Barbiero and Pavan 2012, 599). It is also difficult contextually, unless בַּל־אֻמִּים means "not a people" in a pejorative sense (cf. בְּלֹא־עָם in Deut 32:21). It is possible that this pejorative sense formed the motivation for an intentional re-vocalization of the text of L. The reading of בַּל־אֻמִּים could be explained as a midrashic play on words by the scribe of L, in order to make allusion to texts like Deut 32:21 (Ibid, 603–604).
Note for V. 15
- The meaning of מָשָׁל: While typically associated with the wisdom sayings of the book of Proverbs (Prov 1:1, 6; 10:1; 25:1), the term מָשָׁל can have a more general sense of "saying" within a variety of genres (HALOT). The core meaning of "to be like, be equal to" appears to underly most uses of the nominal and verbal forms of the word (NIDOTTE, 2:1134). In contexts where the term clearly has a negative connotation, the most common modern English translation is "byword" (NIV, ESV, NRSV, NASB, NJB). Such translations suggest that the force of מָשָׁל is that of ridicule or taunting (see also CSB, NET, CEV, NCV). However, the core idea of comparison suggests that the true force of מָשָׁל is that of a negative example, presented to discourage others from doing likewise (Ibid, 2:1135).
- The meaning of מְנוֹד־רֹאשׁ: This is the only occurrence in the HB of the nominal מְנוֹד. The verbal form נוּד, when applied to the "shaking of the head," is an idiomatic means of expressing concern; the exact nuance can range between sympathy, surprise, or scorn (NIDOTTE, 3:53). Given the parallelism with מָשָׁל (see previous note), the sense of מְנוֹד־רֹאשׁ in v. 15 could be that of disapproval or shock, as opposed to taunting or mockery.
- For more on the meaning of בַּל־אֻמִּים see text-critical note on Grammar.
No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:15.
Note for V. 15
- תְּשִׂימֵנוּ ("you turn us into"): Without reference point movement, the yiqtol denotes habitual action.
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Vv. 16-17
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 16–17]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain
noun: כְּלִמָּת shame
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
Complement
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="before me" x="-20" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: נֶגְדּ in front of
Object
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Adverbial <gloss="all day long" x="-40" y="-10">
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
article: הַ the
noun: יּוֹם day
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="my shamefacedness" x="80" y="-10">
noun: בֹשֶׁת shame
ConstructChain
noun: פָּנַ face
suffix-pronoun: ִי me
Predicate
verb: כִּסָּתְ cover
Object
suffix-pronoun: נִי me
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִ because
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="voice of the reviling taunter" x="60" y="-10">
noun: קּוֹל voice
Nominal <gloss="reviling taunter" x="0" y="-10">
verb-participle: מְחָרֵף taunter
conjunction: וּ and
verb-participle: מְגַדֵּף reviler
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="because of the vengeful enemy" x="-40" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: מִפְּנֵי because
Object
noun: אוֹיֵב enemy
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and
verb-participle: מִתְנַקֵּם avenger
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:16.
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V. 18
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 18]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
Nominal
quantifier: כָּל all
noun: זֹאת this
Predicate
verb: בָּאַתְ come
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ though
Clause
Predicate
verb: שְׁכַחֲנוּ we forget >> we neglect
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
adverb: לֹא not
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: שִׁקַּרְנוּ we break faith
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ with regard to
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your covenant" x="80" y="-10">
noun: בְרִיתֶ covenant
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
adverb: לֹא not
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:18.
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V. 19
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 19]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our heart" x="80" y="-10">
noun: לִבֵּ heart
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: נָסוֹג turn back >> backslide
Adverbial
adverb: לֹא not
Adverbial <gloss="" x="0" y="-10">
noun: אָחוֹר backwards
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ that is
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our steps" x="100" y="-10">
noun: אֲשֻׁרֵי steps
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: תֵּט turn aside >> deviate
Adverbial
adverb: לֹא not <status="elided">
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: מִנִּי from
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your path" x="80" y="-10">
noun: אָרְחֶ way
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Notes
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V. 20
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 20]
Fragment
particle: כִּי yet
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: דִכִּיתָ you crush
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בִּ in
Object
ConstructChain
noun: מְקוֹם place
noun: תַּנִּים jackals
noun: תַּנִּין sea monster <status="alternative emendation">
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ and
Clause
Predicate
verb: תְּכַס you cover
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עָלֵי over
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: בְ with
Object
noun: צַלְמָוֶת deepest shadow
Notes
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Vv. 21-22
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [vv. 21–22]
Fragment
particle: הֲ (interrogative particle)
Fragment
Clause // v. 22
Subject
noun: אֱלֹהִים God
Predicate
verb: יַחֲקָר investigate
Object
pronoun: זֹאת this
Adverbial
particle: לֹא not
SubordinateClause
Conjunction
conjunction: כִּי since
Clause
Subject
pronoun: הוּא he
Predicate
verb: יֹדֵעַ know
Object
ConstructChain
noun: תַּעֲלֻמוֹת secrets
noun: לֵב heart
SubordinateClause // v. 21
Conjunction
conjunction: אִם if
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: שָׁכַחְנוּ we forget >> we neglect
Object
ConstructChain
noun: שֵׁם name
ConstructChain <gloss="our God" x="100" y="-10">
noun: אֱלֹהֵי God
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Conjunction
conjunction: וַ or
Clause
Predicate
verb: נִּפְרֹשׂ we spread out
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="our palms" x="80" y="-10">
noun: כַּפֵּי palms
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase <gloss="to another god" x="-40" y="-10">
Preposition
preposition: לְ to
Object
noun: אֵל god
adjective: זָר strange
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:21.
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V. 23
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 23]
Fragment
particle: כִּי yet
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: הֹרַגְנוּ we are killed
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: עָלֶי because of
Object
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial <gloss="all day long" x="-40" y="-10">
Nominal
quantifier: כָל all
article: הַ the
noun: יּוֹם day
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: נֶחְשַׁבְנוּ we are considered
Complement
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: כְּ as
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="sheep to be slaughtered" x="120" y="-10">
noun: צֹאן sheep
noun: טִבְחָה slaughtering
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:23.
No Lexical notes to display for Psalm 44:23.
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No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 44:23.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:23.
V. 24
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 24]
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: עוּרָה awake* >> come into action
Fragment
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִישַׁן you sleep* >> you take no action
adverb: לָמָּה why
Fragment
Vocative
noun: אֲדֹנָי Lord
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: הָקִיצָה wake up* >> come into action
Fragment
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: תִּזְנַח reject
adverb: אַל not
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ for
Object
noun: נֶצַח ever
Notes
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V. 25
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 25]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Predicate
verb: תַסְתִּיר you hide
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your countenance" x="0" y="-10">
noun: פָנֶי face >> countenance
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Adverbial
adverb: לָמָּה why
Clause
Predicate
verb: תִּשְׁכַּח you forget >> you neglect
Object
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="our affliction" x="80" y="-10">
noun: עָנְיֵ affliction
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Conjunction
conjunction: וְ and
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="our oppression" x="80" y="-10">
noun: לַחֲצֵ oppression
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
adverb: לָמָּה why <status="elided">
Notes
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V. 26
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 26]
Fragment
particle: כִּי for
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our soul" x="80" y="-10">
noun: נַפְשֵׁ soul
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: שָׁחָה melt >> sink down
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לֶ into
Object
article: הַ the <status="elided">
noun: עָפָר dust
Fragment
Clause
Subject
ConstructChain <gloss="our body" x="120" y="-10">
noun: בִּטְנֵ belly >> body
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Predicate
verb: דָּבְקָה cling
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָ to
Object
article: הַ the <status="elided">
noun: אָרֶץ earth
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:26.
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No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:26.
V. 27
Preferred
SimpleGrammar
DiscourseUnit [v. 27]
Fragment
ClauseCluster
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: קוּמָה arise
Adverbial <gloss="to our aid" x="-40" y="-10"> // <gloss="assistance on our behalf >> to our aid" x="0" y="-10"> // Double arrows in phrase-level glosses currently breaking Diagrammer
Nominal
noun: עֶזְרָתָה assistance
Adjectival
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לָּ for
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Conjunction
conjunction: וּ and <height='150'>
Clause
Subject
Predicate
verb: פְדֵ redeem
Object
suffix-pronoun: נוּ us
Adverbial
PrepositionalPhrase
Preposition
preposition: לְמַעַן because of
Object
ConstructChain <gloss="your faithfulness" x="120" y="-10">
noun: חַסְדֶּ faithfulness
suffix-pronoun: ךָ you
Notes
No Grammar notes to display for Psalm 44:27.
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No Phrase-level notes to display for Psalm 44:27.
No Verbal notes to display for Psalm 44:27.
No Textual notes to display for Psalm 44:27.